Does the Brewer Cave Story Unlock a Hidden History? deJ., ed. The debris on the last occupation floor gave the impression that the occupants had left suddenly, expecting to return soon, but never did. Stylesheet style.css not found, please contact the developer of "arctic" template. 9 Photograph of temple in Area WA, 1990. Although we did not expose the entire temple at any level, we were able to gain enough information to hazard an estimate that the latest (Neo-Babylonian, c. 600 B.C.) building was probably about 100 meters by 40 meters in size. 8), however, because of inaccuracies in the angles of the city wall as given by the Kassite scribe; if Ekur and the southern corner of the city (Area WC) are aligned, many of the other features are skewed and if the river Euphrates is laid over the Kassite canal that we excavated to the west of WC, another set of features is then skewed. Nippur has been the focus of major excavation since 1889 when the University of Pennsylvania opened the first American expedition in the Middle East. It is important to note that the Ur-me-me family remained as adminstrators of the Inanna temple from some time within the Akkadian period to at least as late as the early years of the Isin dynasty. Although that procedure would appear to be self-evidently valuable, it is rare that texts have been treated in this manner. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen Press. The result of these systematic excavations was the establishment of a standard ceramic chronology for the historical periods of lower Mesopotamia. After a five-year hiatus, the new director of the Nippur Excavations, McG. This sequence, especially the pottery, dating from the Akkadian through the Achaemenid period (2300-500 B.C.) Texts found in the house show that the family baked on contract for the city administration, temples, and individuals. And in both periods of abandonment, dunes invaded the site, just as they have done in the past hundred years. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1975. In exchange for such legitimization the kings lavished gifts of land, precious metals and stones, and other commodities on the temples and on the city as a whole. We cannot state, absolutely, that the entire city was abandoned each time; there is a possibility that the ziggurat and the Enlil temple may have survived with a small staff that could derive water from wells and could have been supplied with food from the irrigated areas to the west. The origins of human beings according to ancient Sumerian texts, Floki and the Viking Discovery of Iceland, 3 Problems to Remember When Trying to Find Atlantis. In Area WB, where 19th century excavations had found tablets from the Kassite period, excavators found evidence of occupation from the Old Babylonian period to the Neo-Assyrian period. House Most High: The Temples of Ancient Mesopotamia. The Assyrian governor's archive fills a substantial textual gap for that period. Professor of Mesopotamian Archaeology Such dependent people probably worked for generations in the service of one temple as workers and soldiers (gurus/erin), rather than as slaves (sag) [Gelb 1973: 94-95]. Figure. Major Sumerian city-states included Eridu, Ur, Nippur, Lagash and Kish, but one of the oldest and most sprawling was Uruk, a thriving trading hub … 9), we were able to recover enough artifacts in these buildings to identify the deity to whom this temple is dedicated. Figure. She was the first female licensed as a printer in the colonies. in commerce and law. The plan is similar to other Early Dynastic temples from the Diyala region, with a courtyard, food preparation rooms, and a long shrine with benches, offering tables, and an altar. For almost a half-century after the University of Pennsylvania left the site, Nippur lay unexcavated. Believe it or not, rats could give Michael Phelps a run for his money. In the early 1970's excavators concentrated heavily on the West Mound. The situation was much the same in the Isin-Larsa period, with texts from one agency (presumably the governor's office) recording distribution of goods to several temples; it is unfortunate that a recent article [Robertson 1992] revives, again, the notion of "temple economy" to cover these transactions. The relationship of those temples to governmental institutions and to private entities and individuals is only beginning to be worked out. We’re the only Pop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. 4; see George 1993, 96-97). All institutions, whether the governor's palace, a government-sponsored industry, or a temple, were not just buildings and not just abstract bureaucratic hierarchies or economic establishments, but were social organizations within a broader social network. The Oriental Institute Although the exact nature of the transformation of this area from a private domestic area to a religious area is unclear, the first temple structure appears in the later part of the Early Dynastic I period. 2). Maekawa [1987]). As in most countries until modern times, the temples in Mesopotamia had an important function as social welfare agencies, including the taking in of widows and orphans who had no families or lineages to care for them [Gelb 1972]; temples also were the recipients of war prisoners, especially those from foreign lands, who worked in agricultural settlements belonging to temples or in other temple service [Gelb 1973]. To carry out our new program, we turned away from the eastern mounds, which were considered to be the more religious side of the city, and began to work on the West Mound, which had not been touched since 1899. Records after this period are scarce until the middle of the 8th century, when Nippur was under Neo-Assyrian control. Most important, kings carried out for the city elaborate construction and restoration of temples, public administrative buildings, fortification walls, and canals. 2 Plan of Nippur, with excavation areas indicated Tablet Hill is the mound vith Trenches TA, TB, and TC. 1998-2001) I proposed to examine the city walls, put trenches into parts of the site that had never been sampled, and also try to fill gaps in the Mesopotamian sequence (especially the Akkadian and Kassite Periods), and examine the later periods (Sasanian and Islamic) that had rarely been excavated systematically in Mesopotamia. This sequence has helped to refine the understanding of the transition from the Early Dynastic to the Akkadian periods. *Hansen, D. P. The Relative Chronology of Mesopotamia. When Nippur was sacked by the Elamites at the end of the 13th century, the city began a second long decline. 11 Figurine of person in pain, from WA temple. We know that the asu was something like a modern doctor, making diagnoses, prescribing remedies, and recording the results. The University of Chicago has continued its commitment to the site to the present day, and the last season of work in the winter of 1990 constituted the nineteenth campaign since 1948. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993. ), when Sumer was the dominant cultural entity. 1987. Our appreciation for that effort of reconstruction was heightened by work we carried out on the lowest parts of the site. The temple could add key personnel not only through a kind of birth-right (family or lineage inclusion), but also through recruitment; important individuals within the institution's adrninistration would have acted as patrons not just for nephews, nieces, and more distant relatives but also for unrelated persons. Although not a capital, the city had an important role to play in politics. We thought we had a chance to expose, eventually, not only buildings that might relate to the Murashu family, but also a Kassite administrative building. A monthly salt allowance was a salarium, and this Latin word seeds both the French word salaire, and the English language word salary. ENLIL, the "wind god," was the principal god of the Sumerian pantheon and poliad god of Nippur, the religious center of the country.Enlil was also guardian god of the temple Ekur ("mountain house") and the husband of Ninlil, or Sud. Zettler (2003, 11) notes that both Westenholz (1987, 97-98) and Gibson (1993, 15) locate the Ninurta temple on the West Mound rather than north of the Inanna temple on the East Mound as originally suggested by Zettler (1992, 16-17).
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