In this article, written for a non-specialized audience, she explains what a CCD is, how it works, and why it is so important. Each photosite corresponds to an individual pixelin the fin… A CCD (charge-coupled device) is an electronic instrument for detecting light. The technology on which CCD sensors are based is the MOS capacitor (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) (Fig.3). At longer wavelengths, in the infrared, detectors work on either of two processes. CCD working. vice or CCD make use of this effect (Fig.1). sometimes dictated by the available bandwidth (e.g., wireless camera), and higher frame rates are required for many industrial and military applications EE 392B: CCDs { Part I 2-3. During the readout operation, electrodes are alternately biased with high and low voltages to transfer charge down the array. In the case of an astronomical CCD camera, this light is very dim. (�]G�Ӭ�%8���3�)�YY[j�٫x[�ʭ��/+\�q The chip is divided into thousands or millions of tiny light sensitive squares (or sometimes rectangles) called photosites. The charge-integration high sensitivity camera is generally Electromagnetic Spectrum . CCD readout Schematic of typical 3-phase operation. Thermal detectors capitalize on the rise in temperature of a material that occurs with the absorption of a photon. Cooled CCD cameras Noise in CCD cameras Here we briefly describe the principle of the charge-integration camera using the cooled CCD camera as an example. �AƲ��%��̒4������.��U���� /���ZU��hj�|������7;m�*��g)�����I��h\*��ґ^�=�k~K7 Light is a very narrow band in the electromagnetic spectrum . Photon or quantum detec-tors are based on the response of semi-conductors to the absorption of an IR photon. S�a~�6�? A CCD uses a thin silicon wafer chip. We will then deal with electron-multiplication cameras by describing the principles of ICCD, EB-CCD and EM-CCD cameras. CCD and CMOS Sensors Digital Camera Principals Camera Interface Standards Camera Types and When to Use Digital Cameras: Basic Course . 9 CCD Readout Thomson 2048 X 2048 CCD Horizontal register = Serial register Digitize via Analog to digital (A/D) converter. ��S雷چ ,��e�n�ik왅5�H�vZ"�֦��ͦ)S������͚g��AD^"~X��i4�������/~$���Hϰo\���C���`,�%P endstream endobj 87 0 obj 315 endobj 69 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 63 0 R /Resources 70 0 R /Contents 76 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 70 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 73 0 R /F2 72 0 R /G1 75 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 80 0 R /GS2 81 0 R >> >> endobj 71 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 718 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -207 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -166 -225 1000 931 ] /FontName /NEPCJK+Helvetica /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 88 /XHeight 523 /StemH 88 /CharSet (�8�\(���g��Ѡ��d�Y�!�Q_KG-J�\rq&\r~����A�c��=�VZ\n��'��\\T�jMt�:.\ W>��]���KL��G�0��cNg�J�:�%���l����$����Ô� ����?^�l��J��}��+U\ ���ݶ��\(��� ���������%���'ֵ���/�I�[��NwMŌ�_�L��9�i�}�� �x��D�\ ���� m��j�������a�QY \($��,L���7gӚ�8p�{���v��*sF) /FontFile3 78 0 R >> endobj 72 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 213 /Widths [ 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 355 556 556 889 667 191 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 584 584 584 556 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 278 278 278 469 556 333 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 334 260 334 584 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 556 0 350 0 0 0 737 0 0 333 278 0 0 278 584 278 278 0 556 278 278 278 278 278 0 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 278 278 0 0 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 ] /Encoding /MacRomanEncoding /BaseFont /NEPCJK+Helvetica /FontDescriptor 71 0 R >> endobj 73 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 0 /LastChar 121 /Widths [ 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /NEPCGG+Helvetica-Bold /FontDescriptor 74 0 R >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 718 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -207 /Flags 262176 /FontBBox [ -170 -228 1003 962 ] /FontName /NEPCGG+Helvetica-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 140 /XHeight 532 /StemH 140 /CharSet (��\nm������� \rD��`ϻ���&��tH|��ܖ�x�vI#y�G��`5rwִ���6����O�={\ �Ԍ��$-tC�P�t�eHή��I@|۲��sĂMj.v�����\ ���==_VC`:�e��=�e�6��X���������T) /FontFile3 77 0 R >> endobj 75 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type0 /BaseFont /ShinGo-Bold-Identity-H /Encoding /Identity-H /DescendantFonts [ 82 0 R ] >> endobj 76 0 obj << /Length 2503 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream For a 4 phase pixel 4 of these steps are required to transfer the charge one pixel down the array. ���b�Y"N-_1Ϋ$�J�)?,I>��U�@�+��|��6���ʸ�a,;�.���^.�?�v�r���;߲!�26F�.i[�HM����-$��{�U���;)�*�����C�lo&�b\����&��'��:�׫���u� ''�`��+Q�a�?/��.W��F����U�%cɏp��#� ]\��.��8J��V'A.�Z�}��ʠ�dbPR4f �J��yd7k�'!AE�^�[iP D�J��@sK}��xu�M�'8��ڮ���/X"�����*��$C'['T�̎���H{vK�vDlvW�ʡ�]R�-�q�B�9��¾2�4�օ�Ρ�*hdfj$)���r���jS��۪&����ԕ�Ԡ���J���{�)L�]��§���:hH���T{$~���x�'��>‚ڢ{y)��4��(_I�ԙ��/�i�9O3z��4�8���V��֏. Light Basics . 66 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 69 /H [ 1051 428 ] /L 196040 /E 17985 /N 8 /T 194602 >> endobj xref 66 22 0000000016 00000 n 0000000804 00000 n 0000000897 00000 n 0000001479 00000 n 0000001633 00000 n 0000001770 00000 n 0000002297 00000 n 0000003217 00000 n 0000003894 00000 n 0000004338 00000 n 0000004479 00000 n 0000007058 00000 n 0000010902 00000 n 0000015673 00000 n 0000015899 00000 n 0000015977 00000 n 0000016054 00000 n 0000016323 00000 n 0000016428 00000 n 0000017499 00000 n 0000001051 00000 n 0000001458 00000 n trailer << /Size 88 /Info 64 0 R /Encrypt 68 0 R /Root 67 0 R /Prev 194592 /ID[<6786706cdab15a0c8ae749e6a4d456dc><94e43041b21cbe587504c4687ff0fdf0>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 67 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 63 0 R /Metadata 65 0 R /PageLabels 62 0 R >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /R 2 /O (���K�Qߖg� |\n�x=��~G -?��G�Ճ�) /U (�J���y�g����F�j���P�&�d}���) /P 65508 /V 1 /Length 40 >> endobj 86 0 obj << /S 226 /L 330 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 87 0 R >> stream A single transfer step is shown below. If a photon, whose energy exceeds the energy of the gap, is absorbed in the depletion zone, it creates an electron-hole pair. [���bL�>�S?�'�� ��b��Z]��I�^����6 �? We will see that this has certain implications for how the CCD operates.

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